Glomerulonephritis among Saudi Children: Current Status Evaluation
Keywords:
Nephropathy, glomerulonephritis, Nephritis, Lupus nephritis, Saudi ArabiaAbstract
Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a common renal problem affecting children and is manifested by hematuria, proteinuria, fluid retention, and hypertension with altered glomerular filtration. This condition may be primary or developed secondary to other systemic diseases, immune disorders, infections, or drugs induced with different histopathological patterns and a wide range of clinical manifestations. The current study helps record and comprehend GN's epidemiology in Saudi Arabia. Additional research is recommended that includes a more thorough examination of the prognostic factors, therapies, illness progression, and outcomes. While there are several advantages to having a GN registry that collects data in the future, resource constraints frequently prevent the establishment of comprehensive registries. Expanding research endeavors will play a significant role in fostering a healthy society and may provide insight into the underlying pathology of fascinating glomerulopathies.
References
Sethi S, De Vriese AS, Fervenza FC. Acute glomerulonephritis. Lancet. 2022; 399(10335): 1646-63. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00461-5.
Keskinyan VS, Lattanza B, Reid-Adam J. Glomerulonephritis. Pediatr Rev. 2023; 44(9): 498-512. doi: 10.1542/pir.2021-005259.
Anders HJ, Kitching AR, Leung N, Romagnani P. Glomerulonephritis: immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2023; 23(7): 453-71. doi: 10.1038/s41577-022-00816-y.
Kovala M, Seppälä M, Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Meri S, Honkanen E, Kaartinen K. Diagnostic and prognostic comparison of immune-complex-mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and C3 glomerulopathy. Cells. 2023; 12(5): 712. doi: 10.3390/cells12050712.
Yim T, Kim SU, Park S, Lim JH, Jung HY, Cho JH et al. Patterns in renal diseases diagnosed by kidney biopsy: a single-center experience. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2020; 39(1): 60. doi: 10.23876/j.krcp.19.077.
Lim CC, Huang Z, Choo JC. Improving health literacy in disease prevention in glomerulonephritis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2023; 55(1): 221-3. doi: 10.1007/s11255-022-03263-9.
Cheung CK, Dormer JP, Barratt J. The role of complement in glomerulonephritis—are novel therapies ready for prime time? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2023; 38(8): 1789-97. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfac296.
Son HE, Yun G, Kwon EJ, Park S, Jeong JC, Kim S et al. Outcomes of minimal change disease without nephrotic range proteinuria. PloS One. 2023; 18(8): e0289870. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289870.
Troyanov S, Jauhal A, Reich HN, Hladunewich MA, Cattran DC, Ryan N et al. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: Assessing the Risk of Relapse. Kidney Int Rep. 2023; 8(11): 2403-15. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.08.035.
Hua MR, Zhao YL, Yang JZ, Zou L, Zhao YY, Li X. Membranous nephropathy: mechanistic insights and therapeutic perspectives. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023; 120: 110317. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110317.
Wang S, Chen D, Zuo K, Xu F, Hu W. Long-term renal outcomes of mesangial proliferative lupus nephritis in Chinese patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2022; 41(2): 429-436. doi: 10.1007/s10067-021-05909-y.
Jain S, Chauhan S, Dixit S, Garg N, Sharma S. Role of direct immunofluorescence microscopy in spectrum of diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis: a single-center study. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 2021; 9(4): 177-82. doi: 10.4103/JMAU.JMAU_62_20.
Chan L, Danyi Y, Cheng C. A new index for the outcome of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Sci Rep. 2024; 14(1): 8278. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-59007-5.
Zhang P, Yang X, Gao CL, Wu W, Xia ZK. Crescentic glomerulonephritis in children: Short-term follow-up predicts long-term outcome. Front Pediatr. 2023; 11: 1206168. doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1206168.
Karakaya D, Güngör T, Çak?c? EK, Yaz?l?ta? F, Çelikkaya E, Yüceba? SC et al. Predictors of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2023; 38(9): 3027-33. doi: 10.1007/s00467-023-05935-9
Renaudineau Y, Brooks W, Belliere J. Lupus nephritis risk factors and biomarkers: An update. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(19): 14526. doi: 10.3390/ijms241914526.
Al-Hussain T, Asiri S, Amer S, Al Mana H, Akhtar M. Patterns of glomerulonephritis with crescents: Experience at a tertiary medical center in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2017; 28(3): 532-7. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.206448.
AlMatham KI, AlFayez AF, AlHarthi RA, AlMutairi FS, Alrasheedi FS, Mustafa A et al. Glomerulonephritis disease pattern at Saudi tertiary care center. Saudi Med J. 2017; 38(11): 1113. doi: 10.15537/smj.2018.7.23149.
Mosaad FG, Saggaf OM, Aletwady KT, Jan KY, Al-Qarni KA, Al-Harbi RS et al. Assessment of the etiologies and renal outcomes of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in pediatric patients at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2018; 39(4): 354. doi: 10.15537/smj.2018.4.21366.
Nawaz Z, Mushtaq F, Mousa D, Rehman E, Sulaiman M, Aslam N et al. Pattern of glomerular disease in the Saudi population: A single-center, five-year retrospective study. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2013; 24(6): 1265-70. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.121288.
Al-Moaigel HM, Albaik NZ, Al-shehab HT, Aldossary AW, Abalkhail SA, Alomani AM. The Incident of Acute Post-infectious Glomerulonephritis (PIGN) in Pediatric Age Group at King Fahad University Hospital in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci. 2020; 9(1): 27-34.
Alhasan K, Aloudah NM, Bakhit AA, Alhamad YM, Chihabeddine KM, Alfaadhel TA et al. Renal histopathology spectrum in children with kidney diseases in Saudi Arabia, 1998-2017. Saudi Med J. 2020; 41(4): 369. doi: 10.15537/smj.2020.4.24999.
Jalalah SM. Changing frequency of glomerular diseases in Western Saudi Arabia: A 26-year experience. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 2020; 8(3): 89-95. doi: 10.4103/JMAU.JMAU_64_19.
Al-Mayouf SM, AlAmeer A, Alfattani A, Alsonbul A. Outcome of childhood lupus nephritis in Saudi children. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2017; 28(5): 1015-20. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.215142.
Mokhtar GA, Jalalah S, Sultana S. Pathological patterns of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis seen at a tertiary care center. J Nephropharmacol. 2014; 3(2): 33-37.
Gomaa W, Bahlas S, Habhab W, Mushtaq M, Al-Ghamdi S, Al-Maghrabi J. Clinicopathological characteristics of lupus nephritis in Western region of Saudi Arabia: An experience from two tertiary medical centres. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 2014; 2(1): 12-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jmau.2014.02.001.
Souilmi FZ, Houssaini TS, Alaoui H, Harmouch T, Atmani S, Hida M. Indications and results of renal biopsy in children: A-single-center experience from Morocco. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2015; 26: 810-5. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.160225.
Alwahaibi NY, Al Issaei HK, Al Dhahli BS. Incidence of pediatric glomerular diseases in Arab world: A systematic review. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2019; 30: 15-23.
Nie S, He W, Huang T, Liu D, Wang G, Geng J et al. The spectrum of biopsy-proven glomerular diseases among children in China: a national, cross-sectional survey. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018; 13: 1047-54. doi: 10.2215/CJN.11461017.
Zahir Z, Wani AS, Jain M, Agrawal V, Jain S. Pediatric glomerular diseases in North India–epidemiology and clinicopathologic correlation. Indian J Nephrol. 2023; 33(1): 28-34. doi: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_522_21.
Madani A, Fahimi D, Esfehani ST, Mohsseni P, Atayee N, Ahmadi M et al. Glomerular diseases in Iranian children: Clinico-pathological correlations. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003; 18: 925-8. doi: 10.1007/s00467-003-1166-5.
Alwahaibi NY, Al Issaei HK, Al Dhahli BS. Spectrum of glomerular diseases in Arab countries: A systematic review. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2018; 29(6): 1256-66.
Cho BS, Hahn WH, Cheong HI, Lim I, Ko CW, Kim SY et al. A-nationwide study of mass urine screening tests on Korean school children and implications for chronic kidney disease management. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2013; 17: 205. doi: 10. doi: 10.1007/s10157-012-0672-9.
Arapovi? A, Vukojevi? K, Filipovi? N, GlavinaDurdov M, Ljubanovi?-Galeši? D, Saraga-Babi? M et al. Epidemiology of 10-year paediatric renal biopsies in the region of southern Croatia. BMC Nephrol. 2020; 21: 65. doi: 10.1186/s12882-020-01727-7.
Sim JJ, Batech M, Hever A, Harrison TN, Avelar T, Kanter MH et al. Distribution of biopsy-proven presumed primary glomerulonephropathies in 2000-2011 among a racially and ethnically diverse US population. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016; 68: 533-544. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.03.416.
Paripovi? D, Kosti? M, Kruš?i? D, Spasojevi? B, Lomi? G, Markovi?-Lipkovski J et al. Indications and results of renal biopsy in children: A10-year review from a single center in Serbia. J Nephrol. 2012; 25: 1054-9. doi: 10.5301/jn.5000095
Kanodia KV, Vanikar AV, Nigam LK, Patel RD, Suthar KS, Gera DN et al. Pediatric renal biopsies in India: A single-centre experience of six years. Nephrourol Mon. 2015; 7: e25473. doi: 10.5812/numonthly.25473.
Xipell M, Lledó GM, Egan AC, Tamirou F, Del Castillo CS, Rovira J et al. From systemic lupus erythematosus to lupus nephritis: The evolving road to targeted therapies. Autoimmun Rev. 2023; 22(10): 103404. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103404.
Al-Shujairi A, Elbadawi F, Al-Saleh J, Hamouda M, Vasylyev A, Khamashta M. Literature review of lupus nephritis from the Arabian Gulf region. Lupus. 2023; 32(1): 155-65. doi: 10.1177/09612033221137248.
Al Attia HM, Al Ahmed YH, Chandani AU. Serological markers in Arabs with lupus nephritis. Lupus. 1998; 7(3): 198-201. doi: 10.1191/096120398678920000.
Al-Jarallah K, Al-Awadi A, Siddiqui H, Al-Salim I, Shehab D, Umamaheswaran I et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in Kuwait—hospital-based study. Lupus. 1998; 7(7): 434-8. doi: 10.1191/096120398678920389.
Maalej B, Amor MB, Jallouli M, Weli M, Charfi M, Abdelkefi Y et al. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in the south of Tunisia: A 12-year retrospective review. Nephrol Ther. 2018; 14(7): 518-22. doi: 10.1016/j.nephro.2018.04.001.
Bajracharya P, Khadgi A, Shrestha S, Silwal R, Tandukar A. Acute Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis in a Pediatric Population: A Five-Year Retrospective Study. Cureus. 2024; 16(3): e56082. doi:10.7759/cureus.56082.
Brant Pinheiro SV, de Freitas VB, de Castro GV, Rufino Madeiro BC, de Araújo SA, Silva Ribeiro TF et al. Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in children: a comprehensive review. Curr Med Chem. 2022; 29(34): 5543-59. doi: 10.2174/0929867329666220613103316.
Wada Y, Kamata M, Miyasaka R, Abe T, Kawamura S, Takeuchi K et al. Clinico-pathogenic similarities and differences between infection-related glomerulonephritis and C3 glomerulopathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(9): 8432. doi: 10.3390/ijms24098432.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Submission of a manuscript to the journal implies that all authors have read and agreed to the content of the undertaking form or the Terms and Conditions.
When an article is accepted for publication, the author(s) retain the copyright and are required to grant the publisher the right of first publication and other non-exclusive publishing rights to JLUMHS.
Articles published in the Journal of Liaquat University of Medical & health sciences are open access articles under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial - Share Alike 4.0 License. This license permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium; provided the original work is properly cited and initial publication in this journal. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access. In addition to that users are allowed to remix, tweak and build upon the work non-commercially as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. Or, in certain cases it can be stated that all articles and content there in are published under creative commons license unless stated otherwise.