Determinant Factors of Stunting in Toddlers in South Jakarta City, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Keywords:
Stunting, Toddlers, exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, antenatal careAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with stunting among children aged 0–59 months in South Jakarta, Indonesia
METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted in a cross-sectional setting in South Jakarta, including 392 toddlers (aged 0-59 months) randomly selected from 20,210 toddlers. Medical records were collected from community health centres, and mothers/caregivers were interviewed for qualitative data collection alongside a cross-sectional quantitative design. Stunting was defined as a height-for-age z-score of <-2 SD in the WHO standard form. Bivariate analysis was carried out using the Spearman Rank correlation test, while multivariate analysis was performed by binary logistic regression.
RESULTS: Fifty percent of 392 participants reported stunting (n = 196). Multivariate analyzes also found that independent factors of stunting were maternal age in Pregnancy?35 years (AOR=2.96; 95% CI: 1.24–7.04; p=0.014), not receiving complementary feeding (AOR=2.70; 95% CI: 1.48–4.92; p=0.001), not exclusive breastfeeding (AOR=3.43; 95% CI: 1.87–6.30; p<0.001), ANC visits ?5 times (AOR=3.40; 95% CI: 1.20–9.66; p=0.022), primary education (AOR=3.84; 95% CI: 1.64–9.01; p=0.002) and male gender (AOR=6.30; 95% CI: 1.90–20.86; p=0.003). Employment status was not associated with immunization. The model fit was good (Hosmer–Lemeshow p=0.72; Nagelkerke R²=0.24).
CONCLUSION: Exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, ANC visits, maternal education, gestational age and toddler sex are independent determinants of stunting. An urban at-risk population in need of supportive nutritional interventions and social protective measures are a necessity.
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