A Comprehensive Cross-sectional Analysis of Prevalence of Congenital Color Vision Deficiency among Patients
Keywords:
Color blindness, Pakistani Population, occupational hazard, Ishihara Chart, visual acuity, color visionAbstract
Objective: To determine the frequency of color vision impairment among Pakistani adults at Polyclinic Hospital Islamabad.
Methodology: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at Federal Government Polyclinic Hospital, Islamabad. The research was conducted from March to May 2022, employing a consecutive non-probability sampling methodology. The study centred on a cohort of participants aged 10 to 55 who received medical attention at the Ophthalmology Outpatient Department. Sampling was done using the non-probability consecutive sampling technique. The sample size was 104 patients. All adults aged between 10-55 years were included except Patients having a history of Ocular or Neurological surgery, Trauma and Patients diagnosed with Diabetes or Hypertension were excluded. The gathered data was entered and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20.
Results: A total of 104 candidates underwent color vision assessment. 3.8% (4/104) of the candidates were color vision deficient. All of them were unaware of their condition.
Conclusion: The screened Population showed color blindness in 3.8% of the candidates. All of the individuals were unaware of the condition.
References
Morgan JI, Chui TY, Grieve K. Twenty-five years of clinical using adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy. Biomed Opt Express. 2023; 14(1): 387-428. Doi: 10.1364/BOE.472274.
Male SR, Shamanna BR, Bhardwaj R, Gandhi R, Bhagvati C, Theagarayan B Impact of color vision deficiency on the quality of life in a sample of Indian Population: Application of the CVD-QoL tool. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2023; 71(5): 2204-11. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1975_22.
Jansone-Langina Z, Ozolinsh M. Evaluation of color vision related quality of life changes due to cataract surgery. J Opt Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2023; 40(3): A139-A148. doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.477090.
Alkhalaf AW, Al-khafaji RS. Prevalence and Allele Frequency of Colour Blindness In Al-Najaf Al Ashraf Province. Med Sci J Adv Res. 2022; 3(2): 69-74. doi: 10.46966/msjar.v3i2.43.
Ma J, Wang G, Gu C, Xu L. Large-field color vision in anomalous trichromats based on a trichromatic display. SSRN Electronic J. 2022; 74: 1-10. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4054229.
Barnett BS, Sweat NW, Hendricks PS. Case report: Prolonged amelioration of mild red-green color vision deficiency following psilocybin mushroom use. Drug Sci Pol Law. 2023; 9. doi: 10.1177/20503245231172536.
Saleem H, Iqbal Y, Malik A, Zia S, Qureshi UA, ul Hassan M. Detecting color vision deficiency in patients presenting with ocular complaints. Professional Med J. 2023; 30(04): 456-60. doi: 10.29309/TPMJ.2023.04.7308.
Hamida, Sajid T, Bibi A. Incidence of Protanopia and Deuteranopia, defects of color vision in Quetta, Pakistan. Pak J Zoology. 2016; 48(4): 1045-1049.
Omair QM, Imtiaz H, Iqbal M. Color vision defects among textile mill workers in Lahore. Pak J Ophthalmol. 2020; 36(4): 408-411. doi: 10.36351/pjo.v36i4.1100.
Akhtar MS, Aslamkhan M, Zar MS, Hanif A, Haris AR. Dichromacy: Color Vision Impairment and Consanguinity in Heterogenous Population of Pakistan. Int J Front Sci. 2019; 3(1): 41-56. doi: 10.37978/tijfs.v3i1.47.
Mitiku RG, Tolera BS, Tolesa ZG. Prevalence and allele frequency of congenital colour vision deficiency (CCVD) among students at Hawassa University, Ethiopia. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2020; 95: 10. doi: 10.1186/s42506-020-00037-y.
Woldeamanuel GG, Geta TG. Prevalence of color vision deficiency among school children in Wolkite, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2018; 11(1): 838. doi: 10.1186/s13104-018-3943-z.
Kim H, Ng JS. Prevalence of Color Vision Deficiency in an Adult Population in South Korea. Optom Vis Sci. 2019; 96(11): 866-873. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001441.
Alamoudi NB, AlShammari RZ, AlOmar RS, AlShamlan NA, Alqahtani AA, AlAmer NA. Prevalence of color vision deficiency in medical students at a Saudi University. J Family Community Med. 2021; 28(3): 196-201. doi: 10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_235_21. Epub 2021 Sep 7.
Kireker Koylu O, Kasapkara CS. Ophthalmological Findings in Metabolic Diseases. Turkish J Pediatr Dis. 2023; 17(3): 508-513.
Zhou J, Chen B. Retinal Cell Damage in Diabetic Retinopathy. Cells. 2023; 12(9): 1342. doi: 10.3390/cells12091342.
Heydarian S, Jafari R, Dailami KN, Hashemi H, Jafarzadehpour E, Heirani M et al. Ocular abnormalities in beta thalassemia patients: prevalence, impact, and management strategies. Int Ophthalmol. 2020; 40(2): 511-27. doi: 10.1007/s10792-019-01189-3. Epub 2019 Oct 10.
Kar SS, Agrawala M. A study on colour vision deficiency among medical students of Odisha. J Evid Based Med Healthc. 2018; 5(9): 806-808. doi: 10.18410/jebmh/2018/162
Dohvoma VA, Ebana Mvogo SR, Kagmeni G, Emini NR, Epee E, Mvogo CE. Color vision deficiency among biomedical students: a cross-sectional study. Clin Ophthalmol. 2018: 1121-4. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S160110.
Karim KJ, Saleem MA. Prevalence of congenital red-green color vision defects among various ethnic groups of students in Erbil City. Jordan J Biol Sci. 2013; 6(3): 235-238.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Submission of a manuscript to the journal implies that all authors have read and agreed to the content of the undertaking form or the Terms and Conditions.
When an article is accepted for publication, the author(s) retain the copyright and are required to grant the publisher the right of first publication and other non-exclusive publishing rights to JLUMHS.
Articles published in the Journal of Liaquat University of Medical & health sciences are open access articles under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial - Share Alike 4.0 License. This license permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium; provided the original work is properly cited and initial publication in this journal. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access. In addition to that users are allowed to remix, tweak and build upon the work non-commercially as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. Or, in certain cases it can be stated that all articles and content there in are published under creative commons license unless stated otherwise.